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Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the Constitution of Pakistan, was passed by the National Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010,〔(NA passes 18th Amendment Bill, PM felicitate the Nation ), Associated Press of Pakistan, 2010-04-08〕 removing the power of the President of Pakistan to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally, turning Pakistan from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary republic, and renaming North-West Frontier Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The package is expected to counter the sweeping powers amassed by the Presidency under former Presidents General Pervez Musharraf and General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and to ease political instability in Pakistan.〔〔(Pakistan Weighs Changes to Revise Constitution ), The New York Times, 2010-04-06〕 The bill reverses many infringements on the Constitution of Pakistan over several decades by its military rulers.〔 The amendment bill was passed by the Senate of Pakistan on April 15, 2010 and it became an act of parliament when President Asif Ali Zardari put his signature on the bill on April 19, 2010. It was the first time in Pakistan's history that a president relinquished a significant part of his powers willingly and transferred them to parliament and the office of the prime minister.
==Background==
The power of the President to dissolve the Parliament was enacted by the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan during the presidency of Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, before it was removed by then-Prime minister Nawaz Sharif during his second term by the Thirteenth Amendment. It was finally restored during the presidency of Gen. Pervez Musharraf by the Seventeenth Amendment.〔 This bill is the first bill since 1973 to decrease the powers of the President.〔
Back then, this amounted to the only democratically elected parliament to fully complete its tenure in the history of Pakistan from 2003–2008, albeit under Musharraf, who was a dictator in Pakistan.The second complete parliamentary term was completed by the PPP led government from 2008-2013 which had in fact passed the 18th Amendment. However, this 2008-2013 term is often touted to be the first complete democratic change of power without a military president or a coup de etat in Pakistan.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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